Eurasian wolf

The Eurasian wolf (Canis lupus lupus), also known as the common wolf[2] or Middle Russian forest wolf,[3] is a subspecies of grey wolf native to Europe and the forest and steppe zones of the former Soviet Union. It was once widespread throughout Eurasia prior to the Middle Ages. Aside from an extensive paleontological and genetic record,[4] Indo-European languages typically have several words for wolf, thus attesting to the animal's abundance and cultural significance.[5] It was held in high regard in Baltic, Celtic, Slavic, Turkic, ancient Greek, Roman, and Thracian cultures, whilst having an ambivalent reputation in early Germanic cultures.[6]

It is the largest of Old World grey wolves, averaging 39 kg (86 lb) in Europe;[7] however, exceptionally large individuals have weighed between 69–80 kg (152–176 lb), though this varies according to region.[3][8] Its fur is relatively short and coarse,[2] and is generally of a tawny colour, with white on the throat that barely extends to the cheeks.[8] Melanists, albinos and erythrists are rare, and mostly the result of wolf-dog hybridisation.[9] The howl of the Eurasian wolf is much more protracted and melodious than that of North American grey wolf subspecies, whose howls are louder and have a stronger emphasis on the first syllable. The two are, however, mutually intelligible, as North American wolves have been recorded to respond to European-style howls made by biologists.[10]

Many Eurasian wolf populations are forced to subsist largely on livestock and garbage in areas with dense human activity, though wild ungulates such as moose, red deer, roe deer and wild boar are still the most important food sources in Russia and the more mountainous regions of Eastern Europe. Other prey species include reindeer, argali, mouflon, wisent, saiga, ibex, chamois, wild goats, fallow deer and musk deer.[11]